Antibiosis, antixenosis, host plant resistance, pod borer complex, screening. Therefore, correct diagnosis of a disease is necessary to identify the pathogen, which is the real target of any disease management program. Types and mechanisms of host plant resistance to insect. Integration of plant resistance with pest management methods. The research proposed here will add to our knowledge of the plant traits conferring resistance to the major insect pests of potato and will contribute to efforts to make resistant varieties available to potato farmers worldwide. Silicon plays an important role in providing defense for crops of great economic importance against insect pests attack.
Thus the progeny carrying insect resistance can be selected by this method with ease. Winter varieties of squash, such as hubbard and marrows, are much more severely damaged by the squash bug than other varieties. In contrast, there has been much less use of this method for the management of insect pests in commercial vegetable production smith 1989. The project concerns defenses of arabidopsis thaliana against insect pests. Agronomically important crops and their highyielding genotypes are highly susceptible to insect pests. Insect pests cost billions of dollars in the form of crop losses and insecticides, and farmers face an everpresent threat of insecticide resistance, fueling a continual search for alternative. Resistance to sapsucking insects in modernday agriculture.
Insects are responsible for two major kinds of damage to growing crops. Role of lipids in plant resistance to insects david s. This book presents a broad overview of host plant resistance to insect pests. Silicon and mechanisms of plant resistance to insect pests mdpi. They significantly reduce yield and affect almost every aspect of the plants. Plant resistance is intended to be used in conjunction. Cucumber plants are sensitive to many chemicals, so follow the labels instructions carefully and use chemicals only as. In ipm, plant resistance to insects refers to the use of resistant crop varieties to suppress insect pest damage. Pesticides oftentimes are the most effective and efficient pest control tools available. Because of its value growers frequently apply pesticides regularly in order to protect their investment. Insect resistance refers to crops that either naturally or through genetic engineering are able to resist insect damage.
Cultwal control and selection of plants for insect resistance were early control strategies for reduction ofeconomic losses caused by insect pests. The builtin protection of resistant plants from insect pests functions at a very basic level, disrupting the normal association of the insect pest with its host plant. One of the consequence of the large scale use of pesticides to control insect pests is. While the familiar plants are appreciated for their beauty and easy growth habits, many gardeners plant nasturtiums as pest control. But the strategies must also be designed to be effective in the event that insect resistance does develop. Pest resistant plants have higher levels andor several different kinds of secondary metabolites. Hostplant resistance in pest management sciencedirect. They have been used in companion planting as pest control in agricultural and garden situations, and in households certain plants have shown effectiveness as topical repellents for haematophagous insects, such as the use of lemon eucalyptus in pmd, but incomplete research. Host plant resistance definition types and mechanisms ecological and genetic resistance host plant resistance hpr definition those characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under conditions that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same. For example, resistance to jassids in cotton and cereal leaf beetle in wheat. Over the years, plants have developed a variety of resistance mechanisms to deter feeding and damage by insects. It is estimated that 14% of crop productivity is lost to insect pests on a global scale krattiger, 1997. Pdf host plant resistance hpr to insects is an effective, economical, and environment friendly method of pest control.
Okra diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation. Antibiosis may involve morphological, physiological and biochemical features of the host plant. Plants make toxin 3 insect resistant to toxin1 insect resistant to toxin2. Biotechnological prospects for engineering insectresistant. Simply put, a refuge is intended to provide a source of large numbers of btsusceptible insects to counter any resistant insects. The seed pod is a capsule up to 25 cm 10 in long, containing numerous seeds. Breeding for disease and insect resistance crops plant. Paradigm shifts in research on host plant resistance to. Molecular host plant resistance to pests download ebook. Resistance to pesticides is a serious, and growing, problem.
Control is required to protect squash in the home garden. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. A frequent symptom of b deficiency is the development of corky tissue along leaf veins and stems as a result of the. Squash plants frequently are killed by this sapfeeding pest. It is concluded that the recent developments in biotechnology demonstrate that bt is merely the beginning of a. Screening techniques for resistance to insect pests. Host plant resistance to insects in integrated pest management in. Importantly, phenolic phytoa lexin secreted by wounded or otherwise perturbed plants, repel or kill many insect pests. Methods to combat and avoid menance of pesticide resistance have been enumerated. Insect resistant crop plants are widely chosen because they are economically more important and environment friendly. Key words plant resistance, biological control, chemical control, cultural control, integrated pest management.
Silicon and mechanisms of plant resistance to insect pests. Insect resistance management for bt plantincorporated. Pesticide resistance in insectpests indian scenario. Okra plants have small erect stems that can be bristly or hairless with heartshaped leaves. Resistance a gainst insect pests by plant phenolics and. However, not all pests are adequately targeted by the bt toxins used at present, and there is still a need to develop solutions to specific problems, such as resistance to sapsucking pests and pests of stored products. Therefore, extensive screening of the sorghum germplasm was undertaken, and several stable sources of resistance to the key insect pests have been identified. Host plant resistance, insect pests, molecular markers, genetic transformation, gene pyramiding, rnai introduction host plant resistance hpr assumes a central role, and is the backbone of pest management in order to increase production and productivity of the crops, to meet the increasing demand for food, feed, fodder, and fuel. Crop improvement programs emphasize the breeding of crop varieties with multiple resistance to pests, and resistant varieties developed in recent years represent some of the greatest achievements of modern agriculture. Gm approaches using plant derived lectins, agglutinin, and protease inhibitors have been shown to provide high levels of resistance to aphids and other phloemfeeding insect species fitches et al. Small simple molecules target specific insect system. Evaluation of sorghum germplasm for resistance to insect pests. This is rellected in the relatively recent release of several insectresistant varieties and breeding lines. In 2010, 148 million ha of biotech crops were grown in 29 countries, representing 10%.
Insect resistant crops have become important tools for. The development of hostplant resistance to insect pests. Also gives consideration to potentially resistant material. Acquired by coevolution of plant and insect gene for gene. This often leads to development of insect resistance, environmental. Insect resistant crops generally produce compounds that are toxic to insects that attempt to eat the resistant plants. May 31, 2014 whereas, antibiosis and antixenosis resistance cause an insect response when the insect attempts to use the resistant plant for food, oviposition, or shelter. The leaves are 1020 cm 48 in long with 57 lobes the plant produces flowers with five white to yellow petals which are 48 cm 1. Host plant resistance to insects in integrated pest. In some cases, antibiosis even leads to death of an insect. Pest species evolve pesticide resistance via natural selection. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed.
This form of resistance include general vigour, compensatory growth in individual plants and or the plant population, wound healing, mechanical support in tissues and organs and changes. Jul 29, 2016 plant compounds that are toxic or impair gut function in arthropods, produced constitutively or induced by herbivore damage, can enhance crop resistance to pests. The first point to make is that, where as some adult insects feed off plants and can damage crops, most of the problems are caused by insect larvae. Pdf advances in breeding for resistance to insects. In markerassisted selection, antibodies, enzymes, or nucleic acid probes are used as markers. Insect pests are the major scourge of agriculture down the ages. Hence, if gm strategies are to be used, these insect pests require other gm resistance strategies. The primary resistance mitigation measure for bt crops has been the use of refuges. Overall, the irm refuge strategy has largely been successful in delaying insect resistance. Thus, pesticide resistance is the natural ability of a biotype of an organism to survive exposure to a pesticide that would normally kill an individual of that species. Offspring of fieldcollected insects may need to be reared in the laboratory to have enough insects for the dosemortality test.
Insects represent adaptive characters that have been. Insect resistant transgenic crops were first commercialized in the mid1990s with the introduction of gm corn maize, potato and cotton plants expressing genes encoding the entomocidal. There are hundreds of pest species of this type, both in larvae and adults, among orthopterans, homopterans, heteropterans, coleopterans, lepidopterans, and. Traditionally, researcher has put more focus on disease resistance than on insect resistance, but the adverse effects of excessive use of pesticides on human health, environment, phytosanitation, market access, and global trade have led to renewed. It is caused by a soilborne fungus, phytophthora cinnamomi, and the most common symptom is the slow decline of the plant. Insects, at the same time, have evolved ways of circumventing the defense mechanisms in plants. To combat this, farmers have used a variety of approaches, including the use of pesticides. Insect pests are capable of evolving to biotypes that can adapt to new situations, for example, overcome the effect of toxic materials or bypass natural or artificial plant resistant, which further confounds the problem roush and mckenzie, 1987. Cultivar fh634 showed maximum resistant against the sucking insect pests. Pdf silicon and mechanisms of plant resistance to insect. Siliconmediated induced resistance to insects the use of plant resistance inducers is considered an environmentally friendly strategy to ef. Insects that most often fall prey to north american pitcher plants are ants, flies, wasps, bees, beetles, slugs and snails.
Dec 14, 2015 first studies that evaluated insect resistance of transgenic plants expressing an insect chitinase utilized transgenic tobacco plants and european corn borer 26,27. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by the breeders, increasing their susceptibility. Plants transformed with insect controlprotein genes are resistant to insect pests, and new proteins with novel modes of action should provide resistance to a broader spectrum of pests. Nasturtiums as pest control planting nasturtiums for.
First is direct injury done to the plant by the feeding insect, which eats leaves or burrows in stems, fruit, or roots. The functions of phenolic compounds in plant physiology are difficult to overestimate. In fact, these cheery annuals thrive with an absolute minimum of care and often seem to prefer neglect. In rare cases, they can even ruin an entire fields produce by eating the crop or killing the plant itself. However, it is more common for insects that exhibit resistance to one insecticide to be resistant or develop resistance more rapidly to other insecticides with the same moa. The aim is to determine whether any mechanism seems more common than the others as well as whether the mechanisms are more pronounced in siliconaccumulating than nonsiliconaccumulating species or in monocots than eudicots. Resistant plants retard the growth and rate of reproduction of insect pests. Two types of mechanisms counter insect pest attacks. Pesticide resistance p genetically engineered ge crops have. Before examining gm strategies for developing insect pest tolerance in plants, it is useful to consider some of the characteristics of the insects causing the damage. Covers terminology and categories of resistance, and presents techniques for studying plant resistance. In modern agriculture, host plant resistance hpr from english is incorporated into the integrated pest management imp from english as an integral program in order to regulate arthropod pests. My study was focused on defensive mechanisms operating against specialist and generalist herbivore insect pests.
Examines the molecular biology and genetics of insect resistance in crop plants, and insect genes capable of overcoming resistance to form insect biophytes. Insectresistant biotech crops and their impacts on. Furthermore, knowledge of one basis of resistance may be of little practical use when seedlings can be screened for resistance by exposure to insects, and many thousands. Insect pests have been defined by williams 1947 as any insect in the wrong place. Resistance to diseases and insects in transgenic plants. Mineral nutrition contributes to plant disease and pest. Department of entomology university ofcalifornia riverside. Rice is one of the worlds most important foods, but its production suffers from insect pests, causing losses of billions of dollars, and extensive use of environmentally damaging pesticides for. When k, ca, and, often, n levels are deficient, plants are more susceptible to bacterial attacks. Resistance may develop to only a single insecticide. From experience with insect resistance caused by synthetic chemical insecticides, it is clear that no single management tactic can provide lasting solutions to the insect pest problem.
How have these crops contributed to sustainability. Crop resistance to insect pests university of manitoba. These markers are used to detect the presence of insect resistance genes in plants. It discusses the economic impact of pests and diseases. Screening and selection criteria for insect resistance in coolseason food legumes. According to researchers, bed bugs have developed multiple mechanisms to evade chemical attack. The development of plants resistant to insects by means of conventional breeding methods involves the risk of developing new insect biotypes such as hessian fly biotypes and brown plant hopper biotypes. Insect resistant crop varieties offer the promise of environmentally compatible pest management and inexpensive crop insurance for resourcepoor farmers. Pdf host plant resistance and insect pest management in. For many years major challenge for scientists has been developing the resistant varieties against pests in plants. Induced resistance, or resistance triggered by prior herbivore attack, has a number of potential uses in crop protection that are only now beginning to be explored. Insect resistance to the synthetic insecticide ddt was documented in 1947 and since that time, key pest organisms have been found with resistance to new insecticides within 2. Plants well adapted to local conditions will be more likely to resist pests. Farmers and ranchers must follow the instructions and advice of competent fieldmen.
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, a member of the animal kingdom that impacts adversely on human activities. Largecomplex molecules reduce digestibility nutrition tannins, lignins, cellulose, silica, etc. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done, and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Icrisat holds 36,700 accessions of the sorghum germplasm from all over the world. Pesticide resistance in field populations of storedproduct insects can be determined by exposing insects to a series of doses of a residual insecticide and recording the mortality of insects at each dose. Host plant resistance hpr to insects is an effective, economical, and environment friendly method of pest control. Worldwide, more than 600 species of pests have developed some level of pesticide resistance. Mineral nutrition contributes to plant disease and pest resistance 3 barrier to infections. Leaves of plants attacked by the bugs may wilt rapidly and become brittle. Effects of plant morphology on the incidence of sucking insect pests. However, insect resistance with bt presents a particular challenge due to the requirements for managing the deployment of the technology in terms of avoiding insect resistance. Several strategies are presented and discussed gene. Depending on the structure of the ecosystem in a given area and mans view point, a certain insect might or might not be considered a pest.
Nasturtiums are colorful plants that brighten the environment with very little human attention. In discussing plant resistance to insects we should keep in mind that many insects evolved utilizing plants or their products as their major food source. Plant resistance to insects is a natural phenomenon based on plant selfdefense mechanisms. Start studying chapter 14 plant breeding breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests. The importance of developing crop plants that are resistant to major insect pests has created a need for detailed examination of the mechanisms involved in. This root rot is one of the most serious and difficulttocontrol fungal diseases that affects a wide range of plants in south carolina. More than 100 species of insects feed on the rice crop, but only about 20. The compatible, complementary role plant resistance to insect pests plays with other direct control tactics is, in theory and practice, in concert with the objectives of ipm. Pdf varying levels of resistance to insects occur naturally in crop plants and closely related species.
If an infestation still occurs, use a pesticide such as rotenone or pyrethrum on your plants. Pesticide resistance an overview sciencedirect topics. Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests. Pesticides are chemicals that will prevent pests from damaging the plants, either by killing the insect outright. Chapter 14 plant breeding breeding for resistance to. Plant resistance to insects american chemical society. The most attractive feature of hpr is that farmers virtually do not need any.
The book then advances to investigate the techniques for studying plant resistance and to a discussion of the genetics of insect resistance, including information on insect genes capable of overcoming resistance and forming biotypes biotypes subject category. Lecture 16 host plant resistance definition types and. Progress 100100 to 093001 outputs the longterm objectives of this research project are 1 identifying genes whose products have a detrimental impact on insect pests, 2 developing strategies for releasing insect resistant genes, and 3 developing biological assay systems that improve the efficiency of identifying insect resistant genes. Plant disease management practices rely on anticipating occurrence of disease and attacking vulnerable points in the disease cycle i. Host plant resistance plays an important role in compatible with various pest. It is a subject of much conjecture as to what plants are most reliable for repelling pests. To search a registry of resistant insect pests, log onto the arthropod pesticide resistance database. The use of plant resistance for managing arthropod pests in rice illustrates many aspects of the use of host plant resistance in pest management.
Based on evolutionary concept sympatric resistance. Resistance incorporated in a variety against different environmental stresses like insects, diseases, nematodes, heat, drought, cold, etc. The phenolics provide structural integrity and scaffolding support to plants. Control the damage done by cucumber beetles by buying wiltresistant plants and keeping plants off the ground by using a trellis. The insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to the morphological, biochemical or physiological characteristics. Insect pest resistant transgenic crops springerlink. Insect pests have become an integral part of agricultural crops worldwide. Burkhardt professor of entomology section i principles of field crop insect control presentday insect problems, created or aggravated by the concentrations of host plants, are diverse and complex and without simple solutions. It results from insect plant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. Plant breeders have also been successful during the last century in producing. Insect pests inflict damage to humans, farm animals and crops.
This list of pest repelling plants includes plants used for their ability to repel insects, nematodes, and other pests. The important characters that lead to pest resistance are. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Rice is one of the worlds most important foods, but its production suffers from insect pests, causing losses of billions of dollars, and extensive use of.
230 428 1401 339 839 1562 475 925 1599 393 398 1156 1541 1435 578 1181 1476 1044 1196 107 342 883 1537 317 579 1404 1099 365 958 425 577 185 848 934 1376 1146